Pressure sensor with a radially tensioned metal diaphragm

ABSTRACT

A pressure sensor having a radially tensioned diaphragm for measuring fluid pressure. The pressure sensor includes a first generally concave metal body member and a second generally concave metal body member, and a radially tensioned flexible metal diaphragm disposed therebetween that is tensioned by heating the sensor. The first and second body members are formed from a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion in the range of approximately 0.0000056 inch/inch/° F. to 0.0000064 inch/inch/° F. The diaphragm is formed from a precipitation hardening metal material having a coefficient of thermal expansion of approximately 0.0000060 inch/inch/° F. The first body member and the second body member are formed from a ferromagnetic metal material such that the first and second body members shield the diaphragm from magnetic fields which may otherwise cause movement of the diaphragm.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention is directed to a pressure sensor formeasuring fluid pressure, and in particular to a pressure sensorincluding a housing having a first body member and a second body memberand a radially tensioned flexible diaphragm disposed between the firstand second body members, wherein the material that forms the first andsecond body members is matched to the material that forms the diaphragmsuch that the coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials arecompatible with one another.

[0002] Pressure sensors have previously included body members and ametal diaphragm sandwiched between the body members. The metal diaphragmhas been radially tensioned by radially expanding the diameter of thediaphragm as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,002. The metal diaphragmhas also been radially tensioned by forming the diaphragm from aprecipitation hardenable metal and subjecting the precipitationhardenable metal in an annealed condition (A) to an aging treatment athigh temperatures ranging from about 500 degrees to 600 degrees Celsius(C.) for one hour whereby the precipitation hardenable materialcontracts and radially tensions the diaphragm as disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 4,158,311.

[0003] It has been found that if the coefficient of thermal expansion(Tc) of the metal material that forms the body members of the sensordoes not sufficiently closely match the coefficient of thermal expansionof the metal material that forms the diaphragm, the diaphragm canexperience a high radial tensile stress during heat treating that canexceed the yield stress of the material that forms the body members.Consequently, the body members will yield and thereby release the radialtension in the diaphragm that was created by the heat treatment process,resulting in zero net radial tension in the diaphragm at ambienttemperatures. In addition, during use, a sufficient mismatch between thecoefficients of thermal expansion of the material that forms the bodymembers, and of the material that forms the diaphragm, causes a changein the diaphragm radial tensile stress as the temperature of the sensorchanges, thereby causing a direct change or error in the pressurereading at Span (at full scale pressure). The metal diaphragm may alsobe moved by magnetic fields, as opposed to changes in pressure, therebyproviding an inaccurate pressure reading. The present inventionovercomes these problems in the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] A pressure sensor for measuring fluid pressure. The pressuresensor includes a housing having a first generally concave metal bodymember and a second generally concave metal body member. A radiallytensioned flexible metal diaphragm is disposed between the first bodymember and the second body member. The first body member and thediaphragm form a first fluid chamber and the second body member and thediaphragm form a second fluid chamber. The first and second body membersare formed from a first material having a first coefficient of thermalexpansion, and the diaphragm is formed from a second material having asecond coefficient of thermal expansion. The first coefficient ofthermal expansion of the body member metal is not greater than thesecond coefficient of thermal expansion of the diaphragm metal more thanby approximately 0.0000015 inch/inch/° F. The second coefficient ofthermal expansion of the second material that forms the diaphragm ispreferably approximately 0.0000060 inch/inch/° F. The first coefficientof thermal expansion of the first material that forms the body membersis preferably in the range of approximately 0.0000056 inch/inch/° F. to0.0000064 inch/inch/° F. The first body member and the second bodymember may be formed from a ferromagnetic material such that the firstand second body members shield the diaphragm from magnetic fields whichmay otherwise cause movement of the diaphragm which results ininaccurate measurement of fluid pressure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

[0005]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a pressure sensor of thepresent invention including two electrodes.

[0006]FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the pressure sensor of FIG. 1.

[0007]FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of thepressure sensor of the present invention including a single electrode.

[0008]FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the pressure sensor of FIG. 3.

[0009]FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the further embodiment of thepressure sensor of the present invention including two electrodes.

[0010]FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the pressure sensor of FIG. 5.

[0011]FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of thepressure sensor of the present invention including a single electrode.

[0012]FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the pressure sensor of FIG. 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0013]FIGS. 1 and 2 show one embodiment of the pressure sensor 20 of thepresent invention. The pressure sensor 20 includes a central axis 21 anda housing 22. The housing 22 includes a generally concave first bodymember 24 and a generally concave second body member 26. The first andsecond body members 24 and 26 are formed substantially identical to oneanother. The body members 24 and 26 are formed from the same type ofmetal and are stamped from metal plates into their final form. The firstbody member 24 includes a generally annular flange 28 which includes agenerally circular peripheral edge 30. The first body member 24 alsoincludes a planar and generally circular central disc 32 having acircular central aperture 34. The first body member 24 also includes awall portion 36 that is located concentrically about the central disc 32and that extends between the central disc 32 and the annular flange 28.The first body member 24 includes a port 38 that extends through thewall portion 36. The annular flange 28, the central disc 32, and thewall portion 36 are located in respective planes that are generallyparallel to one another.

[0014] The second body member 26 includes a generally annular flange 48having a generally circular peripheral edge 50. The second body member26 also includes generally circular and planar central disc 52 having agenerally circular central aperture 54. The second body member 26 alsoincludes a generally planar wall portion 56 that extends generallyconcentrically about the central disc 52 and that extends between thecentral disc 52 and the annular flange 48. The second body member 26includes a port 58 that extends through the wall portion 56.

[0015] The pressure sensor 20 includes a generally planar and flexiblethin metal diaphragm 64 which includes a generally circular peripheraledge 66. The diaphragm 64 is disposed between the first body member 24and the second body member 26 such that the annular flange 28 of thefirst body member 24 engages a first side of the diaphragm 64 and theannular flange 48 of the second body member 26 engages a second side ofthe diaphragm 64. The peripheral edge 66 of the diaphragm 64 is locatedadjacent the peripheral edge 30 of the annular flange 28 and theperipheral edge 50 of the annular flange 48 around the entire perimeterof the diaphragm 64. The peripheral edge 66 of the diaphragm 64 isattached to the annular flanges 28 and 48 of the body members 24 and 26around the perimeter of the diaphragm 64 by welding or the like suchthat a fluid-tight seal is created between the annular flanges 28 and 48and the diaphragm 64. The pressure sensor 20 includes a first chamber 70located between the first body member 24 and the diaphragm 64. The firstchamber 70 is in fluid communication with the port 38. The pressuresensor 20 also includes a second chamber 72 which is located between thesecond body member 26 and the diaphragm 64. The second chamber 72 is influid communication with the port 58.

[0016] The pressure sensor 20 includes a first metalized ceramicelectrode 78 located in the first chamber 70. The first electrode 78 isattached to the first body member 24 by a mounting arrangement 80. Afirst generally planar surface of the electrode 78 engages the centraldisc 32 of the first body member 24 and a second generally planarsurface of the first electrode 78 is spaced apart a short distance from,and generally parallel to, the diaphragm 64. The mounting arrangement 80includes a mounting stud 82 such as a bolt having a head at one endwhich is adapted to engage the first electrode 78 and a threaded portionat a second end. The mounting stud 82 extends through the firstelectrode 78 and through the central aperture 34 in the first bodymember 24. A ceramic bushing 84 is located adjacent the outer surface ofthe central disc 32 of the first body member 24. The ceramic bushing 84includes a central aperture through which the stud 82 extends. A springwasher 86 includes a central aperture through which the stud 82 extends.The spring washer 86 is located adjacent the outer surface of theceramic bushing 84. A threaded fastener 88 such as a nut is threadablyattached to the threaded end of the mounting stud 82. The nut 88compresses the spring washer 86 and compresses the first electrode 78and the ceramic bushing 84 against the central disc 32 of the first bodymember 24. The mounting stud 82 is in electrical communication with thefirst electrode 78.

[0017] The pressure sensor 20 also includes a second metallized ceramicelectrode 98. The second electrode 98 is located in the second chamber72 such that a first generally planar surface of the electrode 98 islocated adjacent the central disc 52 and a second generally planarsurface of the electrode 98 is spaced a short distance apart from, andgenerally parallel to, the diaphragm 64. The diaphragm 64 is therebylocated between the first and second electrodes 78 and 98. The secondelectrode 98 is attached to the second body member 26 by a mountingarrangement 100 which is identical to the mounting arrangement 80. Themounting arrangement 100 includes a mounting stud 102, a ceramic bushing104, a spring washer 106 and a fastener 108. The mounting arrangement100 attaches the second electrode 98 to the second body member 26 in thesame manner as the mounting arrangement 80 attaches the first electrode78 to the first body member 24. The mounting stud 102 is in electricalcommunication with the second electrode 98.

[0018] The port 38 is adapted to placed in fluid communication with asupply of a first fluid and the port 58 is adapted to be placed in fluidcommunication with a supply of a second fluid. The electrodes 78 and 98are adapted to sense movement of the diaphragm 64 in a directiongenerally parallel to the axis 21 which is indicative of thedifferential pressure between the pressure of the first fluid, such as agas, within the first chamber 70 and the pressure of the second fluid,such as a gas, within the second chamber 72.

[0019] The diaphragm 64 may be made from 17-4 precipitation hardeningstainless steel (PHSS) metal material. The 17-4 PHSS material willshrink approximately 0.0006 inches/inch when converted from the annealedcondition (A) to the H900 condition by heat treating the material at900° Fahrenheit (F.) for one hour, and then air cooling the material.The residual radial stress in the diaphragm 64 after heat treating thesensor 20 is equal to the tensile strain (0.0006 inches/inch for theH900 condition) multiplied by Young's Modulus of Elasticity (E) for the17-4PHSS material (E=28.5×10⁶ pounds per square inch). The resultingradial stress in the diaphragm 64 is therefore equal to 17,100 poundsper square inch (psi) after heating the sensor 20 to 900° F.

[0020] If the metal material forming the body members 24 and 26 does nothave a coefficient of thermal expansion (Tc) that closely matches the Tcof the diaphragm material, the body members 24 and 26 may expand toomuch at the 900° F. heat treating temperature, such that the diaphragm64 can experience a high radial tensile stress that can exceed the yieldstress of the material of the body members 24 and 26. The release oryielding of the body members 24 and 26 results in zero net radialtension in the diaphragm 64 when the sensor 20 is at ambienttemperature. The Tc of 17-4 PHSS at 900° F. is 6.6×10⁻⁶ (0.0000066)inch/inch/° F. The Tc of 304 stainless steel (SS) in the annealedcondition at 900° F. is 10.2×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. The yield stress of the304SS material is 45,000 psi. When the sensor 20 is heated to 900° F.,the diaphragm stress is equal to 82,440 psi, which is almost twice theyield stress of the 304SS material of the body members 24 and 26.

[0021] When the diaphragm 64 is made from 17-4 PHSS material, themaximum allowable difference between the coefficient of thermalexpansion of the diaphragm material and that of the body membermaterial, when the sensor 20 is to be heated to 900° F., isapproximately 1.5×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 900° F. The maximum Tc for thematerial that forms the sensor bodies 24 and 26 is thereforeapproximately 8.1×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 900° F. The heat treatingtensioning of a diaphragm made from a precipitation hardening metalmaterial therefore only works effectively within a narrow range ofmaterials used to form the body members 24 and 26 which have theappropriate matching coefficient of thermal expansion.

[0022] A mismatch between the Tc of the metal material that forms thebody members 24 and 26 and the Tc of the metal material that forms thediaphragm 64 also results in an error in Span (output at full scalepressure) pressure measurement readings. The radial tensile stress inthe diaphragm decreases due to a temperature increase of the sensor 20,including the body members 24 and 26 and the diaphragm 64, byapproximately 3.3% per 100° F. increase in temperature of the sensorwhen the diaphragm is made from 17-4 PHSS material and the body membersare made from 430SS material. In addition, there is a 1.5% decrease indiaphragm radial stiffness per 100° F. temperature increase caused bythe change in the Modulus of Elasticity, such that the total Span changeis approximately 4.8% per 100° F. temperature increase of the sensor.When the sensor 20 is cooled, the diaphragm radial stress and radialstiffness will increase by approximately the same magnitude. Anelectrical signal conditioning circuit can offset or correct pressurereading output errors due to changes in temperature of the sensortypically in the range of less than 8% per 100° F. Therefore, a mismatchin the thermal coefficients of expansion of the body member material andthe diaphragm material of 0.2×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. to 0.4×10⁻⁶inch/inch/° F. (5-8% per 100° F.) is approximately the maximum practicalmismatch in Tc that can be compensated for by conventional transducerelectronics without risking poor thermal transient performance.

[0023] The material which forms the body members 24 and 26 is preferablystampable and machinable at low cost. The material is also preferablyferromagnetic to shield the diaphragm 64, which is magnetic, fromexternal magnetic fields which may cause false pressure readings.Ferromagnetic materials respond strongly to a magnetic field and havehigh magnetic permeability. The material should also be easily weldableusing tungsten inert gas (TIG) or laser methods and should sustain heattreating temperatures without corrosion or oxidation. Neither should thematerial harden or change metallurgical conditions when exposed to heattreating temperatures. The metal material from which the body members 24and 26 are formed preferably have a thermal coefficient of expansion(Tc) between 5.6×10⁻⁶ and 6.4×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at temperatures from32° to 200° F. The body members 24 and 26 may be made from 405 SS, 430SS, 17-7 PHSS, or Hastelloy C (a nickel alloy) metal material. The bodymembers 24 and 26, as well as the diaphragm 64, may be made from 17-4PHSS material, although 17-4 PHSS is not generally stampable.

[0024] The 405 SS metal material comprises: Carbon (C), up to about 0.08wt %; Maganese (Mn), up to about 1.00 wt %; Phosphorus (P), up to about0.04 wt %; Sulphur (S), up to about 0.03 wt %; Silicon (Si), up to about1.00 wt %; chromium (Cr), 11.50-14.50 wt %; aluminum (Al), 0.10-0.30 wt%; and the remainder iron (Fe). The 405 SS material has a Tc ofapproximately 6.0×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 32°-212° F. The 405 SS materialis ferromagnetic.

[0025] The 430 SS material comprises: C, up to about 0.12 wt %; Mn, upto about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030 wt%; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 16.0-18.0 wt %; nickel (Ni), up toabout 0.50 wt %; and the remainder Fe. The 430 SS material has a Tc ofapproximately 5.8×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 32°-212° F. The 430 SS materialis ferromagnetic.

[0026] The 17-4 PHSS material comprises: C, up to about 0.07 wt %; Mn,up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 15.00-17.50 wt %;Ni, 3.00-5.00 wt%; copper (Cu), 3.00-5.00 wt %; columbium (Nb) plus tantalum (Ta),0.15-0.45 wt %; and the remainder Fe. The Tc of the 17-4 PHSS materialis approximately 6.0×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 70°-200° F. in the H900heat-treated condition. The 17-4 PHSS material is ferromagnetic.

[0027] The 17-7 PHSS material comprises: C, up to about 0.09 wt %; Mn,up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 16.00-18.00 wt %; Ni, 6.50-7.75 wt%; Al, 0.75-1.50 wt %; and the remainder Fe. The Tc of the 17-7 PHSSmaterial is approximately 5.6×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 70°-200° F. for theTH 1050 condition and 5.7×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 70°-200° F. for the RH950 condition. The 17-7 PHSS material is ferromagnetic.

[0028] The Hastelloy C material comprises: molybdenum (Mo), 16 wt %; Cr,16 wt %; Fe, 5 wt %; tungsten (W), 4 wt %, and the remainder Ni. The Tcof the Hastelloy C material is 6.3×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F. at 32°-212° F.The Hastelloy C material is not ferromagnetic, but provides very goodmatching coefficients of thermal expansion.

[0029]FIGS. 3 and 4 show another embodiment of the pressure sensor ofthe present invention identified with the reference number 120. Thepressure sensor 120 includes a central axis 121 and a housing 122. Thehousing 122 includes a first body member 124 and a second body member126. The first body member 124 is constructed in the same manner as thefirst body member 24 of the pressure sensor 20. The first body member124 includes an annular flange 128 having a generally circularperipheral edge 130. The first body member 124 also includes a centralaperture 132 and a port 134 that extends through the first body member124.

[0030] The second body member 126 includes a generally annular flange140 having a generally circular peripheral edge 142. The second bodymember 126 also includes a generally circular wall 144 located generallyconcentrically within the flange 140. The wall 144 includes a port 146that extends through the second body member 126. The wall 144 isgenerally planar and is located in a plane that is spaced apart from andgenerally parallel to the plane that contains the flange 140. The firstand second body members 124 and 126 are both formed from the same typeof metal material and are both stamped from metal sheets into theirfinal form.

[0031] The pressure sensor 120 includes a flexible and generally planarthin metal diaphragm 150 having a generally circular peripheral edge152. The diaphragm 150 is disposed between the flange 128 of the firstbody member 124 and the flange 140 of the second body member 126. Thediaphragm 150 is connected to the flanges 128 and 140 in a fluid-tightseal by welding or the like. The pressure sensor 120 includes a firstchamber 156 located between the first body member 124 and the diaphragm150 which is in fluid communication with the port 134, and a secondchamber 158 which is located between the second body member 126 and thediaphragm 150 which is in fluid communication with the port 146.

[0032] The pressure sensor 120 includes an electrode 162 located withinthe first chamber 156 which is attached to the first body member 124 bya mounting arrangement 164. The mounting arrangement 164 is constructedin the same manner as the mounting arrangement 80 and attaches theelectrode 162 to the first body member 124 in a similar manner. Theelectrode 162 includes a generally planar surface that is spaced apart ashort distance from, and generally parallel to, the diaphragm 150. Theelectrode 162 senses movement of the diaphragm 150 by capacitancemeasurement methods, as are well known in the art, in a directiongenerally parallel to the axis 121 in response to a fluid pressuredifferential between the chambers 156 and 158. The body members 124 and126, and the diaphragm 150, of the sensor 120 are heat treated,assembled and made of the same materials as in the sensor 20.

[0033]FIGS. 5 and 6 show a further embodiment of a pressure sensor ofthe present invention identified with the reference number 170. Thepressure sensor 170 includes a central axis 171 and a housing 172. Thehousing 172 includes a first body member 174 and second body member 176.The first body member 174 includes a generally annular flange 178 havinga generally circular peripheral edge 180. The first body member 174 alsoincludes a central disc 182 having a central aperture 184. The centraldisc 182 and central aperture 184 are concentrically located about theaxis 171. The first body member 174 also includes a generally planarwall portion 186 which extends concentrically about the central aperture184 and which extends from the central aperture 184 to the flange 178.The first body member 174 includes a port 188. The housing 172 alsoincludes a generally tubular nozzle 190 having a first end that is influid communication with the port 188 and a second end that is adaptedto be attached in fluid communication with a supply of fluid, such as agas.

[0034] The second body member 176 includes an annular flange 198 havinga generally circular peripheral edge 200. The second body member 176 isconstructed in the same manner as the first body member 174. The secondbody member 176 also includes a central disc 202 having a centralaperture 204. The second body member 176 also includes a generallyplanar wall portion 206 which extends concentrically about the centralaperture 204 and which extends from the central aperture 204 to theannular flange 198. The second body member 176 includes a port 208 and agenerally tubular nozzle 210 having a first end in fluid communicationwith the port 208 and a second end adapted to be placed in fluidcommunication with a supply of a second fluid, such as a gas.

[0035] The pressure sensor 170 includes a generally planar and flexiblethin metal diaphragm 214 having a generally circular peripheral edge216. The diaphragm is made of 17-4 PHSS metal material. The diaphragm214 is disposed between the flanges 178 and 198 of the first and secondbody members 174 and 176, and is attached along the peripheral edge 216to the flanges 178 and 198 to create a fluid-tight seal therebetween bywelding or the like. The pressure sensor 170 includes a first chamber220 located between the first body member 174 and the diaphragm 214, anda second chamber 222 located between the second body member 176 and thediaphragm 214. The first and second body members 174 and 176 arepreferably fabricated from 17-4 precipitation hardened stainless steel(PHSS) which is not readily stampable or formable. The body members 174and 176 are therefore fabricated by machining the body members from adisk or bar of the 17-4 PHSS metal material.

[0036] The pressure sensor 170 includes a first electrode 228 locatedwithin the first chamber 220. The first electrode 228 is attached to thefirst body member 174 by a mounting arrangement 230 which is constructedand which operates in the same manner as the mounting arrangement 80. Aresilient elastomeric gasket 232, such as an O-ring, extends around themounting stud of the mounting arrangement 230, and is located within theaperture 184 of the first body member 174, to create a fluid-tight sealbetween the mounting stud and the first body member 174. The mountingarrangement 230 attaches the electrode 228 to the central disc 182 ofthe first body member 174 such that a generally planar surface of theelectrode 228 is spaced apart a short distance from, and generallyparallel to, the diaphragm 214.

[0037] The pressure sensor 170 includes a second electrode 238 locatedwithin the second chamber 222. The second electrode 238 is attached tothe second body member 176 by a mounting arrangement 240 which isconstructed and operates in the same manner as the mounting arrangement230. A resilient elastomeric gasket 242, such as an O-ring, extendsaround the mounting stud of the mounting arrangement 240 and is locatedwithin the aperture 204 of the second body member 176 to create afluid-tight seal therebetween. The second electrode 238 is mountedagainst the central disc 202 of the second body member 176 such that agenerally planar surface of the electrode 238 is spaced apart a shortdistance from, and generally parallel to, the diaphragm 214. Thediaphragm 214 is thereby located between the first and second electrodes228 and 238. The electrodes 228 and 238 sense movement of the diaphragm214 in a direction generally parallel to the axis 171 which isindicative of the pressure differential between the pressure of thefluid within the first chamber 220 and the pressure of the fluid withinthe second chamber 222.

[0038] The 17-7 PHSS material is stampable and therefore may be used tostamp the body members as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-4.However, the 17-4 PHSS material is not generally stampable and must bemachined. In addition, sensor body members made of 17-4 PHSS materialmust be pre-heat treated, or preshrunk, to a condition up to the H1150condition, or 1150° F., and preferably to the H1000 condition, or 1000°F., before machining so that the body members 174 and 176 will notshrink when the sensor 170 is heat treated to the diaphragm heattreatment temperature of 900° F. If the body members 174 and 176 and thediaphragm 214 are all made of 17-4 PHSS material in the annealedcondition, they will shrink the same amount during heat treatment and nodiaphragm radial tension will result. Therefore, the sensor bodies 174and 176 are pre-heat treated up to approximately 1150° F. to the H1150condition, and preferably to approximately 1000° F. for approximatelyfour hours to the H1000 condition. The pre-heat treated, or pre-aged,body members are then attached to the diaphragm 214 made of annealed17-4 PHSS material. The assembled sensor 170 is then heat treated toapproximately 900° F. for one hour to shrink the diaphragm 214 withrespect to the body members 174 and 176 and thereby radially tension thediaphragm.

[0039] The compensation or nulling of the Span thermal error, when thebody members 174 and 176 and diaphragm 214 are made of 17-4 PHSSmaterial, can be accomplished by heat treating the body members 174 and176 at a temperature slightly higher than the diaphragm heat treatmentshrink temperature because the Tc of the 17-4 PHSS material increaseswith aging or heat treatment temperature. At the H900 condition the Tcof 17-4 PHSS is approximately 6.0×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F., at the H1000condition the Tc is approximately 6.2×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F., at the H11050condition the Tc is approximately 6.3×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F., and at theH1150 condition the Tc is approximately 6.6×10⁻⁶ inch/inch/° F., all at70°-200° F. If the sensor body members expand approximately 2% per 100°F. more than the diaphragm in a hot environment, then the diaphragmradial tensile stress is increased by the same amount as the decrease inradial stiffness caused by the change in the Modulus of Elasticity,resulting in a Span thermal error of zero. Thus Span temperatureperformance of a tension diaphragm sensor can be calibrated by variablyadjusting the heat treatment process.

[0040] A further embodiment of the pressure sensor of the presentinvention is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 and is identified with referencenumber 250. The pressure sensor 250 includes a central axis 251 and ahousing 252. The housing 252 includes a first body member 254 and asecond body member 256. The first body member 254 is constructed in thesame manner as the first body member 174 in FIG. 5. The first bodymember 254 includes a generally annular flange 258 having a generallycircular peripheral edge 260. The first body 254 includes a centralaperture 262 and a port 264 that extends through the first body member254. The first body member 254 includes a tubular nozzle 266 having afirst end in fluid communication with the port 264 and a second end thatis adapted to be attached in fluid communication with a supply of afirst fluid, such a gas.

[0041] The second body member 256 includes a generally annular flange270 having a generally circular peripheral edge 272. The second bodymember 256 also includes a generally planar wall portion 274 which islocated generally concentrically about the axis 251. The wall 274includes a port 276 which is located on the axis 251. The first bodymember 254 and the second body member 256 are both preferably formedfrom 17-4 PHSS metal.

[0042] The pressure sensor 250 includes a flexible and generally planarthin metal diaphragm 280 having a generally circular peripheral edge282. The diaphragm 280 is preferably formed 17-4 PHSS metal. Thediaphragm 280 is disposed between the flange 258 of the first bodymember 254 and the flange 270 of the second body member 256 and isconnected to the flanges 258 and 270 along the peripheral edge 282 by aweld or the like to create a fluid-tight seal. The pressure sensor 250includes a first chamber 286 located between the first body member 254and the diaphragm 280, and a second chamber 288 located between thesecond body member 256 and the diaphragm 280.

[0043] The pressure sensor 250 includes an electrode 292 located in thefirst chamber 286. The electrode 292 is attached to the central disc ofthe first body member 254 by a mounting arrangement 294. The mountingarrangement 294 is constructed and operates in the same manner as themounting arrangement 230 in FIG. 5. The electrode 292 includes agenerally planar surface that is spaced apart a short distance from, andgenerally parallel to, the diaphragm 280. The electrode 292 is adaptedto sense movement of the diaphragm 280 in a direction generally parallelto the axis 251 of the pressure sensor 250. The body members 254 and256, and the diaphragm 280, of the sensor 250 are heat-treated,assembled, and made of the same materials as in the sensor 170.

[0044] Various features of the invention have been particularly shownand described in connection with the illustrated embodiments of theinvention, however, it must be understood that these particulararrangements merely illustrate, and that the invention is to be givenits fullest interpretation within the terms of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pressure sensor for measuring fluid pressure,said pressure sensor including: a first body member; a second bodymember; and a radially tensioned flexible diaphragm disposed betweensaid first body member and said second body member, said first bodymember and said diaphragm forming a first fluid chamber, said secondbody member and said diaphragm forming a second fluid chamber; saidfirst body member being formed from a first material having a firstcoefficient of thermal expansion, said diaphragm being formed from asecond material having a second coefficient of thermal expansion,wherein said first coefficient of thermal expansion is not greater thansaid second coefficient of thermal expansion by more than approximately0.0000015 inch/inch/° F.
 2. The pressure sensor of claim 1 wherein saidsecond coefficient of thermal expansion of said second material thatforms said diaphragm is approximately 0.0000060 inch/inch/° F.
 3. Thepressure sensor of claim 1 wherein said second material that forms saiddiaphragm comprises a precipitation hardening material.
 4. The pressuresensor of claim 3 wherein said precipitation hardening materialcomprises: C, up to about 0.07 wt %; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up toabout 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %;Cr, 15.00-17.50 wt %; Ni, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Cu, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Nb plusTa, 0.15-0.45 wt %; and the remainder Fe.
 5. The pressure sensor ofclaim 1 wherein said first coefficient of thermal expansion of saidfirst material that forms said first body member is from approximately0.0000056 inch/inch/° F. to approximately 0.0000064 inch/inch/° F. 6.The pressure sensor of claim 1 wherein said first material that formssaid first body member is a precipitation hardening material.
 7. Thepressure sensor of claim 1 wherein said first material that forms saidfirst body member comprises: C, up to about 0.08 wt %; Mn, up to about1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.04 wt %; S, up to about 0.03 wt %; Si, up toabout 1.00 wt %; Cr, 11.50-14.50 wt %; Al, 0.10-0.30 wt %; and theremainder Fe.
 8. The pressure sensor of claim 1 wherein said firstmaterial that forms said first body member comprises: C, up to about0.12 wt %; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, upto about 0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 16.0-18.0 wt %; Ni,up to about 0.50 wt %; and the remainder Fe.
 9. The pressure sensor ofclaim 1 wherein said first material that forms said first body membercomprises: C, up to about 0.09 wt %; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up toabout 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %;Cr, 16.00-18.00 wt %; Ni, 6.50-7.75 wt %; Al, 0.75-1.50 wt %; and theremainder Fe.
 10. The pressure sensor of claim 1 wherein said firstmaterial that forms said first body member comprises: C, up to about0.07 wt %; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, upto about 0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 15.00-17.50 wt %;Ni, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Cu, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Nb plus Ta, 0.15-0.45 wt %; andthe remainder Fe.
 11. The pressure sensor of claim 1 wherein said firstmaterial that forms said first body member comprises: Mo, 16 wt %; Cr,16 wt %; Fe, 5 wt %; W, 4 wt %, and the remainder Ni.
 12. The pressuresensor of claim 1 wherein said first coefficient of thermal expansion ofsaid first material is not greater than said second coefficient ofthermal expansion of said second material by more than approximately0.0000004 inch/inch/° F.
 13. The pressure sensor of claim 1 wherein saidfirst coefficient of thermal expansion of said first material is notgreater than said second coefficient of thermal expansion of said secondmaterial by more than approximately 0.0000002 inch/inch/° F.
 14. Apressure sensor for measuring fluid pressure, said pressure sensorincluding: a first body member; a second body member; and a radiallytensioned flexible diaphragm disposed between said first body member andsaid second body member, said first body member and said diaphragmforming a first fluid chamber, said second body member and saiddiaphragm forming a second fluid chamber; said first body member andsaid second body member being formed from a ferromagnetic material suchthat said first and second body members shield said diaphragm frommagnetic fields which may otherwise cause movement of said diaphragmresulting in an inaccurate measurement of the fluid pressure applied tosaid diaphragm.
 15. The pressure sensor of claim 14 wherein saidferromagnetic material comprises: C, up to about 0.08 wt %; Mn, up toabout 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.04 wt %; S, up to about 0.03 wt %; Si,up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 11.50-14.50 wt %; Al, 0.10-0.30 wt %; and theremainder Fe.
 16. The pressure sensor of claim 14 wherein saidferromagnetic material comprises: C, up to about 0.12 wt %; Mn, up toabout 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030 wt %;Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 16.0-18.0 wt %; Ni, up to about 0.50 wt%; and the remainder Fe.
 17. The pressure sensor of claim 14 whereinsaid ferromagnetic material comprises: C, up to about 0.09 wt %; Mn, upto about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030 wt%; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 16.00-18.00 wt %; Ni, 6.50-7.75 wt %;Al, 0.75-1.50 wt %; and the remainder Fe.
 18. The pressure sensor ofclaim 14 wherein said ferromagnetic material comprises: C, up to about0.07 wt %; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, upto about 0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 15.00-17.50 wt %;Ni, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Cu, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Nb plus Ta, 0.15-0.45 wt %; andthe remainder Fe.
 19. A method of forming a pressure sensor comprisingthe steps of: providing a first body member and a second body member;preheat-treating said first body member and said second body member;disposing a flexible diaphragm formed from an annealed precipitationhardening material between said first and second body members; attachingsaid body members to said diaphragm such that a first fluid chamber isformed between said first body member and said diaphragm and a secondfluid chamber is formed between said second body member and saiddiaphragm; and heat treating said first and second body members and saiddiaphragm to tension said diaphragm.
 20. The method of claim 19 whereinsaid first and second body members are heated to approximately 900° F.or higher during said preheat-treating step.
 21. The method of claim 19wherein said first and second body members are heat treated toapproximately 1000° F. during said preheat-treating step.
 22. The methodof claim 19 wherein said first and second body members and saiddiaphragm are heated to approximately 900° F. during said heat treatingstep.
 23. The method of claim 19 wherein said first and second bodymembers are formed from a precipitation hardening material.
 24. Themethod of claim 23 wherein said precipitation hardening material thatforms said first and second body members comprises: C, up to about 0.07wt %; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, up toabout 0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 15.00-17.50 wt %; Ni,3.00-5.00 wt %; Cu, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Nb plus Ta, 0.15-0.45 wt %; and theremainder Fe.
 25. The method of claim 23 wherein said precipitationhardening material that forms said first and second body memberscomprises: C, up to about 0.09 wt %; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up toabout 0.040 wt %; S, up to about 0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %;Cr, 16.00-18.00 wt %; Ni, 6.50-7.75 wt %; Al, 0.75-1.50 wt %; and theremainder Fe.
 26. The method of claim 19 wherein said precipitationhardening material of said diaphragm comprises: C, up to about 0.07 wt%; Mn, up to about 1.00 wt %; P, up to about 0.040 wt %; S, up to about0.030 wt %; Si, up to about 1.00 wt %; Cr, 15.00-17.50 wt %; Ni,3.00-5.00 wt %; Cu, 3.00-5.00 wt %; Nb plus Ta, 0.15-0.45 wt %; and theremainder Fe.
 27. A pressure sensor made according to the method ofclaim 19, said pressure sensor adapted to compensate for Span thermalerror.
 28. A pressure sensor for measuring fluid pressure, said pressuresensor including: a first metal body member and a second metal bodymember, said first and second body members being heat treated to greaterthan 900° F.; a flexible metal diaphragm disposed between said first andsecond body members, said diaphragm being formed from a precipitationhardening material, said first body member and said diaphragm forming afirst fluid chamber, and said second body member and said diaphragmforming a second fluid chamber.
 29. The pressure sensor of claim 28wherein said diaphragm is in an annealed condition.
 30. The pressuresensor of claim 28 wherein said diaphragm is heat treated toapproximately 900° F.